Modern Wound Dressing from Shallot Skin Waste Extract: A Natural Biomaterial Approach to Alleviate Vasoconstriction in Diabetic Ulcers

Mohammad  Rafly; Annisa Zahrani Dean; Keizha Aura Aliahadi; Yenny Imeilda Silvani; Khaerunisa Azzahra; Wildan Dzaka Tafdhilla; Erza Genatrika

doi:10.30595/jhepr.v3i2.299

Authors

Mohammad Rafly Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Annisa Zahrani Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Keizha Aura Aliahadi Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Yenny Imeilda Silvani Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Khaerunisa Azzahra Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Wildan Dzaka Tafdhilla Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto
Erza Genatrika Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30595/jhepr.v3i2.299

Keywords:

Diabetic Ulcer, Patch, Wound Dressing, Shallot Skin

Abstract

Background: Shallot skin possesses various biological activities, including antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, attributed to their secondary metabolites such as flavonoid (quercetin and kaempferol), saponin, and essential oil. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of shallot skin made into a wound dressing patch.

Methods: This research used diabetic rats induced by alloxan. Rats with blood glucose >200 mg/dL and ulcers were divided into negative control (patch base), positive control (oxoferrin), and test groups treated with shallot peel extract at 0%, 45%, 50%, and 55%. Rats were randomly assigned after glucose screening. Data collected included swelling, gel fraction tests, and flavonoid (quercetin) identification via thin-layer chromatography. Healing was measured by wound closure percentage.

Results: Patches with higher shallot peel extract concentrations absorbed more water and maintained structure. In diabetic rats, 45%, 50%, and 55% extract patches accelerated wound closure, with 55% showing the best healing based on the comparison between the positive control and the test formulation. A slight difference was found, so it can be concluded that this formulation has potential as a treatment for diabetic ulcers.

Conclusion: Wound dressings combining calcium alginate and shallot peel extract exhibit antibacterial properties and enhance diabetic ulcer healing in rats. The combination of quercetin as an antibacterial for S. aureus, the leading cause of diabetic ulcers, and alginate, which can condition wounds so that they can accelerate wound healing, is a potential combination in treating cases of diabetic ulcers.

Keywords: Diabetic Ulcer, Patch, Shallot Skin, Wound Dressing.

References

Diabetes, D. O. F. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 33, (2010).

Boyko, E. J. & Magliano, D. J. IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021 _ IDF Diabetes Atlas. IDF official website (2021).

UI, H. F. Hari Diabetes Nasional 2019: Atasi Obesitas, Hindari Diabetes. UI Press (2019).

PERSI. Angka Kematian Akibat Ulkus Kaki. (2019).

Alexiadou, K. & Doupis, J. Management of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Ther. 3, 1–15 (2012).

Astuti, A., Merdekawati, D. & Aminah, S. Faktor resiko kaki diabetik pada diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Ris. Inf. Kesehat. 9, 72 (2020).

Hall, J. E. & Guyton, A. C. Guyton dan Hall Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran 13th Edition. Egc 12, 898–900 (2019).

Nehring, P. et al. Czynniki ryzyka neuropatycznego zespołu stopy cukrzycowej u chorych z cukrzycą typu 2. Endokrynol. Pol. 66, 10–14 (2015).

Bakri, F. G., Allan, A. H., Khader, Y. S., Younes, N. A. & Ajlouni, K. M. Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated risk factors among diabetic patients in Jordan. Jordan Med. J. 46, 118–125 (2012).

Ahmad, J. The diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 10, 48–60 (2016).

Wijaya, I. M. S. Perawatan Luka Dengan Pendekatan Multidisiplin. (CV Andi Offset, Yogyakarta, 2018).

Rosalina, V. & Mahendra, R. Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak dan Fraksi dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Manggis (Garcinia mangostana) pada Bakteri Penyebab Ulkus Diabetik. J. Surya Med. 7, 31–38 (2021).

Setiawan, A. A. PENATALAKSANAAN ASUHAN GIZI TERSTANDAR PADA PASIEN JANTUNG KORONER RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM ABDUL MOELOEK BANDAR LAMPUNG. (POLTEKKES KEMENKES TANJUNGKARANG, 2023).

Soemarie, Y. B. UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIINFLAMASI KUERSETIN KULIT BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L.) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN (Mus musculus). JIIS (Jurnal Ilm. Ibnu Sina) Ilmu Farm. dan Kesehat. 1, 163–172 (2016).

Dagher, O. et al. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin to Alleviate Endothelial Dysfunction in Age-Related Cardiovascular Diseases. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 8, 1–24 (2021).

Fajrian, Z. O. N., Kiromah, N. Z. W. & Rahayu, T. P. Perbandingan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Bawang Merah ( Allium cepa L .) Dengan Pelarut Etanol dan Metanol Terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Proceeding 12th Univ. Res. Colloq. 2020 209–216 (2020).

Simaremare, A. P. R. Perbedaan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak tanaman bawang merah (Allium cepa L) dan bawang putih (Allium sativum L) pada berbagai konsentrasi terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. J. Med. 3, 52–57 (2017).

Kang, J. Il, Park, K. & Park, K. Oxygen-generating alginate hydrogels as a bioactive acellular matrix for facilitating wound healing. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 69, (2018).

Kazi, G. A. S. & Yamamoto, O. Effectiveness of the sodium alginate as surgical sealant materials. Wound Med. 24, 18–23 (2019).

Halligan, E. et al. Synthesis and Characterisation of Hydrogels Based on Poly (N-Vinylcaprolactam) with Diethylene Glycol Diacrylate. Gels 9, (2023).

Depkes RI. Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan Obat Cetakan Pertama. (Departement Kesehatan RI, Jakarta, 2000).

Naziyah, Hidayat, R. & Maulidya. PENYULUHAN MANAJEMEN LUKA TERKINI DALAM SITUASI PANDEMIC COVID - 19 MELALUI KEGIATAN PESANTREN LUKA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA ZOOM MEETING BAGI MAHASISWA PRODI KEPERAWATAN & PROFESI NERS FAKULTAS ILMU KESEHATAN UNIVERSITAS NASIONAL JAKARTA. J. Kreat. Pengabdi. Kpd. Masy. 5, 2003–2005 (2022).

Putri, N. L. P. A. P. et al. Effectiveness of Dried Juwet Cereal Bar (Syzygium cumini L.) as an Antianemic Intervention in Lead-Induced Female White Rats: A Preclinical Study. Gema Lingkung. Kesehat. 23, 49–59 (2025).

Delshad, E., Tavakkoli-Kakhki, M. & Motavasselian, M. Successful repair of diabetic foot ulcer with honey-based treatment: A case report. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J. 19, (2017).

Handayani, L. T. STUDI META ANALISIS PERAWATAN LUKA KAKI DIABETES DENGAN MODERN DRESSING Luh Titi Handayani*. 6, 149–159 (2016).

Anggeria, E. & Siregar, P. S. Efektivitas Perawatan Ulkus Diabetikum Terhadap Penerimaan Diri Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe Ii. JUMANTIK (Jurnal Ilm. Penelit. Kesehatan) 4, 178–189 (2019).

Tziomalos, K. & Athyros, V. G. Diabetic nephropathy: New risk factors and improvements in diagnosis. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 12, 110–118 (2015).

Chen, B., He, T., Xing, Y. & Cao, T. Effects of quercetin on the expression of MCP-1, MMP-9 and VEGF in rats with diabetic retinopathy. Exp. Ther. Med. 14, 6022–6026 (2017).

Gomes, I. B. S. et al. The protective effects of oral low-dose quercetin on diabetic nephropathy in hypercholesterolemic mice. Front. Physiol. 6, 1–8 (2015).

Gery Umami, Gita Cahya Eka Darma & Mentari Luthfika Dewi. Formulasi Basis Masker Mata Hidrogel sebagai Metode Penghantaran Sediaan Antioksidan. Bandung Conf. Ser. Pharm. 2, 291–297 (2022).